Prekmurian dialect

Prekmurian
prekmurščina, prekmürščina, prekmörščina, panonska slovenščina
Spoken in
Total speakers	80,000
Language family	Indo-European Balto-Slavic Slavic South Slavic Western South Slavic Slovene Prekmurian
Language codes
ISO 639-1	None
ISO 639-2
ISO 639-3	–
Linguasphere
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

Prekmurian, also known as the Pannonian-Slovene, East-Slovene, or Wendish (Slovene: prekmurščina, prekmursko narečje, Hungarian: Vend nyelv, Prekmurian: prekmürski jezik, prekmürščina, prekmörščina, prekmörski jezik, panonska slovenščina), is the easternmost separate dialect of Slovene, spoken in the Prekmurje region of Slovenia and by the Hungarian Slovenes in Vas county in western Hungary. It is closely related to the Slovene dialects in neighboring Slovene Styria, as well as to the Kajkavian dialect of Croatian.

Prekmurian is one of the few Slovene dialects in Slovenia that is still spoken by all strata of the local population.^[1] It also had its own written standard and a literary tradition, both of which were largely neglected after World War Two. There are divergent opinions regarding the status of Prekmurian. Some consider Prekmurian a regional language, without denying that it is part of Slovene. However, Prekmurian is not recognized as a language by Slovenia or Hungary, nor does it enjoy any legal protection under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. There is no significant political or cultural movement in Slovenia seeking legal protection for Prekmurian, although there has been a revival of literature in Prekmurian since the late 1990s. Some Slovene writers from Prekmurje, most notably Feri Lainšček, regard Prekmurian as a regional language.

Together with Resian, Prekmurian language is the only Slovene dialect with a literary standard that has had a different historical development from the rest of Slovene ethnic territory. For centuries, it was used as a language of religious education, as well as in the press and mass.^[2] The historical Hungarian name for the Slovenes living within the borders of the Kingdom of Hungary (as well as for the Slovenians in general) was Vendek, or the Wends. In the 18th and 19th centuries Prekmurian authors used to designate this dialect as sztári szlovenszki jezik 'old Slovene'. Now and than beloved name the Slovene language between the Mura and Raba (Slovenščina med Muro in Rabo; Slovenski jezik med Mürov i Rábov).

Range

The Prekmurian dialect is spoken by approximately 80,000 speakers worldwide. Most of them reside in Prekmurje, the easternmost region of Slovenia, where the dialect is used as the native language by the majority of the population. In Hungary, it is used by the Slovene-speaking minority in Vas county in and around the town of Szentgotthárd. Several speakers of the dialect live in other Hungarian towns, particularly Budapest, Szombathely, Bakony, and Mosonmagyaróvár. Traditionally, the dialect was also used in the Hungarian Slovene colony in Somogy (most notably in the village of Tarany), but it has nearly disappeared in the last two centuries.

There are some speakers in Austria, Germany, the United States, and Argentina, as well as in major towns in Slovenia, especially Maribor and Ljubljana, where significant immigrant communities from Prekmurje have settled.

Linguistic features

In the opinion of the early 20th century philologist Ágoston Pável, the "Wendish (Prekmurian) language belongs to the group of South Slavic languages. It is in fact a large, autonomous dialect of Slovene, from which it differs mostly in stress, intonation, consonant softness and – due to the lack of a significant language reform – a scarceness of vocabulary of modern terms."
Prekmurian has its own territory and literature. Some of its speakers maintain that Prekmurian is a separate language. Prominent writers in Prekmurian, such as Miklós Küzmics,^[3] István Küzmics, Ágoston Pável, József Klekl Senior,^[4] József Szakovics, and others maintained that Prekmurian is a language, not simply a dialect. In Communist Yugoslavia, Prekmurian was looked down upon because numerous writers, such as József Klekl, were anti-communists.

The Novine in May 15, 1932 – the prekmurian weekly between the two world war was renew the prekmurian standard language. In 1941 the Hungarian invaders ban to the Novine, now in 1945 the Communists for the sake of his Anti-Communistic standpoint.

Ágoston Pável still add to: "When researching the cultural impact of Hungarians on Slovenes, we have to draw a distinct line between two Slovene territories: the one within the borders (usually Prekmurian) and the one beyond them (this was usually called Austrian Slovene before World War I). The former had been living together with Hungarians within the borders of a culturally united state for a thousand years, thus it goes without saying that living within the same state bound them closely together in all aspects. The people, ruled by Hungarian feudal lords, followed the orders and customs of their lords in everything… Isolation and the lack of possibilities to evolve independently helped to preserve lots of ancient features in the language, traditions and way of life of this small group of people, on the other hand, it also prevented or slowed down the development of circumstances necessary for independent growth."

Prekmurian is considered part of the Pannonian dialect group (Slovene: panonska narečna skupina), also known as the Eastern Slovene Group (vzhodnoslovenska narečna skupina), one of eight dialect groups into which Slovenian is divided. Prekmurian shares many common features with the dialects of the sub-regions of Haloze, Slovenske Gorice, and Prlekija, with which it is completely mutually intelligible. It is also closely related to the Kajkavian dialect of Croatian, although the pronunciation differences make mutual comprehension difficult. Prekmurian language, especially its more traditional version spoken by Hungarian Slovenes, is not readily understood by speakers from central and western Slovenia, whereas the speakers of eastern Slovenia (Lower Styria) have much less difficulty understanding it.

The dialect includes many archaic words that have disappeared from modern Slovene. Some words still used in Prekmurian can be found in the Freising manuscripts from the 9th century, the oldest written record in Slovenian. Along with the three dialects spoken in Venetian Slovenia and with the Slovene dialects of eastern Carinthia, Prekmurian is considered the most conservative of all Slovene dialects with regard to vocabulary. On the other hand, many words in modern Prekmurian are borrowed from Hungarian and German.

Phonology

The Prekmurian dialect has a specific phonology that is similar to the phonology of other dialects of the Eastern Slovene group. The vowels ü and ö (the latter is non-phonemic) are used, which do not appear in standard Slovene. For example, the people of Prekmurje would say günac 'ox' (standard Slovenian junec), ülanca 'clay' (standard Slovenian glin(ic)a, and vküp/vküper 'together' (standard Slovenian vkup). The vowels /ü/ and [ö] are particularly prominent in the northern dialects of Vendvidék and in Goričko. Older names of several settlements — (Budinci (Büdinci), Beltinci (Böltinci), Turnišče (Törnišče), and Lemerje (Lömergje) — surnames (Küzmič, Šömenek, Sükič, Kürnjek, Küplen, Sűnič, and Küčan), and names of rivers and hills (Müra, Möra, Bükovnica, Törnjek) often had these phonemes.

The use of the diphthongs au or ou, unknown in standard Slovenian, is also widespread. Prekmurian speakers would thus say Baug or Boug 'God' (standard Slovene Bog), kaus or kous 'piece' (standard Slovene kos), and paut or pout 'path' (standard Slovene pot).

The preposition v 'in' appears as v or vu in Prekmurje Slovene. The v form in some dialects alternates with f as in Kajkavian. In Vendvidék 'yesterday' is fčará (Slovene: včeraj).

Lexicon

Around 50% of the vocabulary of Prekmurian differs from that of standard Slovene, although the number of specific Prekmurian words not found in other Slovene dialects is much lower. intonation, palatalization of consonants, and accentuation are also different. There are dozens of Hungarian and German loanwords. The frequent presence of German loanwords is particularly observable among Hungarian Slovenes and in northern and western Prekmurje.

Morphology

Inflections are somewhat similar to Croatian. In Prekmurian, the expression "in Hungary" is v Vogrskoj (cf. Croatian u Ugarskoj, standard Slovenian na Ogrskem). One of the reasons for this closeness to standard Croatian is the long tradition of connections between the two peoples, because before the 18th century, most Prekmurian priests and teachers (both Catholic and Protestant) were educated in Croatia, particularly in Zagreb or Varaždin. In the old Martjanci Hymnal (Sztárá martyanszka peszmarica), the influences of Croatian are clear. The 18th-century Prekmurian writers that created the Prekmurian standard language applied many features of the Kajkavian dialect. In 1833, József Kossics, who was partially of Croatian descent, wrote a grammar emphasizing the Croatian features, with much of the terminology borrowed from Kajkavian, although elements from Styrian Slovene dialects were also included.

The first printed book in Prekmurian: Mali cathecismus (Small Catechism), by Ferenc Temlin.

The Čarna bauta (Black Shop) in Murska Sobota. Prekmurian notice in the centre of Prekmurje.

Prekmurian language, like Standard Slovene, preserves a dual number along with the singular and plural; for example, müva va 'the two of us are' (cf. Standard Slovene midva sva), vüva ta 'the two of you are' (cf. Standard Slovene vidva sta), njüva ta 'the two of them are' (cf. Standard Slovene onadva sta).

Orthography

Standard Prekmurian was not written with the Bohorič alphabet used by Slovenes in Inner Austria, but with a Hungarian-based orthography. János Murkovics's textbook (1871) was the first book to use Gaj's Latin Alphabet.

Before 1914

After 1914

Prekmurian subdialects

• The Rába or Vendvidék subdialect (Slovene: Porabsko podnarečje, Prekmurian: Bákerski/Porábski/Rábski govor), near the Rába River, in the Szentgotthárd district
• The Goričko subdialect (Slovene: Goričko podnarečje, Prekmurian: Gorički govor) in upper Prekmurje, Grad, north of Cankova)
• The Ravensko subdialect (Slovene: Ravensko podnarečje, Prekmurian: Ravénski govor west of Cankova and south of Murska Sobota and Rakičan
• The Murska Sobota subdialect (Slovene: Soboško podnarečje, Prekmurian: Soboški govor) near Murska Sobota
• The Markovsko or Dolinsko subdialect (Slovene: dolinsko (markovsko) podnarečje, Prekmurian: Dolénski i Markiški govor) south of Rakičan, near the Mura and Ledava rivers.

The Goričko dialect includes the Slaveči subdialect spoken by Miklós and István Küzmics.

History

The Prekmurian dialect developed from the language of the Carantanian Slavs who settled around Balaton in the 9th century. Due to the political and geographical separation from other Slovene dialects (unlike most of contemporary Slovenia, which was part of the Holy Roman Empire, Prekmurje was under the authority of the Kingdom of Hungary for almost a thousand years), the Prekmurian dialect acquired many specific features. Separated from the cultural development of the remainder of ethnic Slovene territory, the Slovenes in Hungary gradually forged their own specific culture and also their own literary language. In the end of the 16th century some Slovene Protestant pastor supported breaking away from Hungary. The pastors brought along the Bible of Primož Trubar and used it in Gornji Petrovci.

The ABC-book of Miklós Küzmics. This is also the first Hungarian-Slovenian Dictionary.

The first book in the Prekmurian dialect appeared in 1715, and was written by the Lutheran pastor Ferenc Temlin. In the 18th and early 19th century, a regional literature written in Prekmurian language flourished. It comprised mostly (although not exclusively) of religious texts, written by both Protestant and Catholic clergymen. The most important authors were the Lutheran pastor István Küzmics and the Roman Catholic priest Miklós Küzmics who settled the standard for the Prekmurian regional standard language in the 18th century. Both of them were born in central Prekmurje, and accordingly the regional literary language was also based on the central sub-dialects of Prekmurian language.

Miklós Küzmics in the 1790s rejected Standard Slovene. The poet, writer, translator, and journalist Imre Augustich make approaches toward standard Slovene,^[8][9] but retained the Hungarian alphabet. The poet Ferenc Sbüll also made motions toward accepting standard Slovene.

By the 16th century, a theory linking the Hungarian Slovenes to the ancient Vandals had become popular. Accordingly, Prekmurian language was frequently designated in Hungarian Latin documents as the Vandalian language (Latin: lingua vandalica, Hungarian: Vandál nyelv, Prekmurian: vandalszki jezik or vandalszka vüszta).

With the advent of modernization in mid 19th century, this kind of literature slowly declined. Nevertheless, the regional standard continued to be used in religious services. In the last decades of the 19th and 20th century, the denomination "Wends" and "Wendish language" was promoted, mostly by pro-Hungarians, in order to emphasize the difference between Hungarian Slovenes and other Slovenes, including attempts to create a separate ethnic identity.

József Kossics: Small Grammar of the Hungarian language and Vandalic language. The work of Kossics was farther form to the Prekmurian standard language.

In 1919, most of Prekmurje was assigned to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and Slovene replaced Hungarian as the language of education and administration. Standard Slovene gradually started to replace Prekmurian in the local Roman Catholic church, while the Lutheran community continued to use the dialect in their religious services. The local press tried to combine the old Prekmurian regional standard with standard Slovene, making it completely intelligible to Slovenes from other regions. In the late 1920s and 1930s, many Slovenes from the Julian March who fled from Fascist Italy settled in Prekmurje, especially in the town of Murska Sobota, which helped spreading the use of standard Slovene among the population. The Yugoslav authorities encouraged the settlements of Slovene political immigrants from the Kingdom of Italy in Prekmurje as an attempt to reduce the influence of the Magyar element in the region; besides, the western Slovene dialects were very difficult to understand for the people of Prekmurje, thus the use of standard Slovene became almost indespensible for the mutual understaning.^[10]

After World War II, the Lutheran Church also switched to standard Slovene in most of its parishes, and Prekmurian has since been relegated to an almost exclusively private use. Nevertheless, the Prekmurian dialect is, along with Resian, one of the few Slovene dialects which is still used by the majority of speakers in their respective territories in its original version, with very few influence from standard Slovene. This creates a situation of diglossy, where the dialect is used as the predominant means of communication in the private life, while the standard language is used in schools, the administration and in the media. The situation is different among Hungarian Slovenes, where standard Slovene is still very rarely used.

The stations of standard Prekmurian

1715-1807

In Vilko Novak's opinion, Temlin's Mali Katechismus was the premise of the standard Prekmurian language, inasmuch as this is the first printed book. In 1725 print off the first Prekmurje coursebook, the Abeczedarium Szlowenszko (Slovene ABC-Book), whis create the foundation of Prekmurian grammar.
In 1742 was appear the Réd zvelicsánsztva, printed book of Mihály Szever Vanecsai (Miháo Szever zVanecsa), which was the third printed book in the Prekmurian dialect, therefore rate to subsequent ground-writing.

By the Gospel of István Küzmics (Nouvi Zákon), also his ABC-book (ABC kni'sicza, or Abecednik, 1753), and the Vöre Krsztsanske krátki Návuk likewise regulate to the Prekmurian dialect. Küzmics born into the Ravensko, in Strukovci, and here speak the slavečian vice-dialect. This speak also Miklós Küzmics.
Miklós Küzmics also wrote a ABC-book (ABC kni'snicza, 1790), a catholic catechism (Krátka summa velikoga katekizmussa, 1780) and service-book (Szlovenszki silabikár, 1780), prayer-book (Kniga molitvena, 1783), and the catholic Gospel (Szvéti evangyeliomi, 1780). István and Miklós in first recline upon but the Kajkavian dialect, and receive words by the Hungarian language (farizeus-farizeuš-pharisee).

The ABC-book of Miklós Küzmics was in binding usage in every school in Prekmurje in 1790-1868.

Farther issues of Küzmics Gospels, ABC books and prayer-books

István Küzmics's

• Nouvi zákon ali Testamentom goszpodna nasega Jezusa Krisztusa (1817)
• Nôvi zákon ali Testamentom Goszpodna nasega Jezusa Krisztusa. Zdaj oprvics zGrcskoga na sztári Szlovenszki jezik obrnyeni po Küzmics Stevani (1848, edit Sándor Terplán)
• Novi zákon ali Testamentom Goszpodna nasega Jezus Krisztusa. Szlovencseni po Küzmics Stevani. V Becsi, Vödáni po angluskom i zvönésnyem tüváristvi za Biblie (1883)
• Novi zákon ali testamentom Goszpodna nasega Jezus Krisztusa (1928), this is the last issue

Miklós Küzmics's

The Gospel of István Küzmics, first standard of the Prekmurian dialect

• Kniga molitvena, v-steroj sze nahájajo rázlocsne ponizne molitvi, z-dvojim pridavekom (1796)
• Szlovenszki szilabikár (1821)
• Krátka summa velikoga katekizmusa z-szpitávanyem, i odgovárjanyem mladoszti na návuk vu czaszarszki, i králeszki dr'sányaj. (1833)
• Kniga molitvena, v-steroj sze nahájajo razlocsne ponizne molitvi, z-dvojim pridavekom, na haszek szlovenszkoga národa na szvetloszt dána (1838)
• Szvéti Evangyeliomi pouleg réda rimszkoga na vsze nedele i szvétesnye dni z-obcsinszkoga szvétoga piszma na szlovenszki jezik obrnyeni po V. P. goszpoudi Küzmics Miklosi, plebánusi i vice esperesti (1844)
• Szlovenszki szilabikár (1847)
• Szlovenszki szilabikár, z-steroga sze decza steti more navcsiti, z-nikimi rejesiczami, sz- prilo'senim krsztsánszkim návukom, pod prespan stampanya znouvics dani (1851, edit József Borovnják)
• Szvéti Evangyeliomi pouleg Réda Rimszkoga na vsze Nedele i Szvétesnye Dni (1852, edit József Borovnják)
• Krátka summa velikoga katekizmussa z-szpitávanyem i odgovárlyanyem mladoszti na návuk vu czaszarszki, i králeszki dr'sányaj (1852)
• Kniga molitvena, v-steroj sze nahajajo razlocsne ponizne molitvi z-dvojnim pridavekom (1853, edit József Kossics)
• Kniga molitvena v-steroj sze nahajajo rázlocsne ponizne molitvi, z-dvójim pridavekom (1853)
• Kniga molitvena v-steroj sze nahajajo rázlocsne ponizne molitvi, z-dvojim pridavekom (1855, edit József Kossics)
• Szlovenszki szilabikár, z-steroga sze decza steti more navesiti, z-nikimi rejcsiczami, i sz-prilo'senim krsztsanszkim návukom navkilpe, pod prespan stampanya znouvics dani (1857)
• Szvéti evangelii za nedele i szvétke czeloga leta (1858, edit József Borovnják)
• Szlovenszki szilabikár, z-steroga sze decza steti more navcsiti (1861)
• Kniga molitvena sztaroszlovenszka : v-steroj sze najdejo razlocsne molitvi, litanie, szv. pesmi za vszako prilozsno potrebcsino i szv. krizsna pot na haszek katolicsánskim krscsenikom (1864, edit József Borovnják)
• Veliki katekizmus. Katolicsánszkoj mladoszti za pravi krscsánszki navuk (1864?)
• Kniga molitvena sztaro-szlovenszka (1864, edit József Borovnják)
• Szlovenszki szilabikár, z-steroga sze decza steti more navcsiti (1864)
• Szlovenszki ABCDAR, krsztsánszko-katolicsánszki návuk i drügi za malo decsiczo potrebne recsi (1868)
• Krátka summa velikoga katekizmussa z-szpitávanyem i odgovarlyanyem mladoszti na návuk vu czaszarszki, i králeszki dr'sányaj (1868)
• Molitvena kniga sztáro-szlovenszka puna odebránih lepih molitev, litanijah, peszem, vu vszákoj dühovnoj potrebcsini kath. kerscsenika, i križna pot (1868, edit József Borovnjak)
• Kniga molitvena sztaro-szlovenszka : v steroj sze najdejo razlocsne molitvi, litanie, szv. peszmi za vszako prilozsno potrebcsino, i Szv. krizsna pot : na haszek katolicsanszkim krscsenikom (1869), with the 12. station of Jakab Szabár (Szvéta krizna pot)
• Szlovenszki szilabikár, z-steroga sze decza steti more navcsiti. Z-nikimi rejcsziczami, i szprilosenim krsztsánszkim návukom navküpe (1870)
• Szlovenszki ABCDAR, krsztsánszko-katolicsánszki návuk i druge za malo decsiczo potrebne recsi (1870)

The Gospel of Miklós Küzmics, second standard of the Prekmurje dialect

• Szlovenszki ABCDAR, krsztsánszko-katolicsánszki návuk i drüge za malo decsiczo potrebne recsi (1871?)
• Krátka summa velikoga katekizmusa z-szpitávanyem, i odgovárjanyem za katholicsánszke soule u-nouva vö dána od drüstva sz. Stevana (1873)
• Kniga molitvena. Bogábojécsim düsam dána. Sztáro-szlovenszka (1877), with the work of Szabár
• Kniga molitvena (1877)
• Szvéti Evangeliomi za nedele i szvétke celoga leta : z navadnimi molitvami pri bozsoj szlüzsbi, pred i po poldnévi. - pridavek glavnih isztin kerscsanszkoga navuka (1877, edit Borovnják)
• Szvéti evangeliomi za nedele i szvétke celoga leta : z navadnimi molitvami pri bozsoj szlüzsbi pred i po poldnévi. - pridavek glavnih isztin kerscsanszkoga navuka : z dovoljenyom cirkvenoga poglavarsztva (1879)
• Krátka šumma velikoga katekizmuša spitávanyem, i odgovárjanyem za katoličánske šóle (1883)
• Szvéti evangeliomi za nedele i szvétke celoga leta. z navadnimi molitvami pri bozsoj szlüzsbi, pred i po poldnévi. - pridavek glavnih isztin kerscsanszkoga navuka (1885, edit Borovnják)
• Kniga molitvena bogábojécsim düsam dána : sztáro-szlovenszka (1891, edit Borovnják)
• Krátka summa velikoga katekizmuša spitávanyem, i odgovárjanyem za katoličánske šóle (1892)
• Krátki krsztsánszki návuk za málo deczo (new issue of the Silábikár, in 1895)
• Molitvena kniga (1904, edit József Szakovics)
• Szvéti evangeliomi za nedele i szvétke celoga leta (1904)
• Krátka summa velikoga katekizmusa z-szpitávanyem i odgovárjanyem mladoszti na návuk (1904)
• Molitvena kniga (1907)
• Molitvena kniga (1910)
• Szvéti evangeliomi za nedele i szvétke celoga leta (1913)
• Molitvena kniga (1914, two issue)
• Sveti evangeliomi za nedele i svetke celoga leta (1920, two issue)
• Molitvena kniga (1931)
• Molitvena kniga, popravlena sztára szlovenszka "Molitvena kniga" (1942)
• Molitvena kniga. Obprvim 1783. leta vödána na zapoved i sztroske Szily Janosa, prvoga szombathelyszkoga püspeka (1942)

Mihály Bakos, Slovene Lutheran pastor and writer in 1789 was make a new course-book (Szlovenszki Abecedár), and a gradual (Nouvi Gráduvál). In 1796 reform the Temlin-catechism (Győrszki Kátekizmus). Bakos above all keep going the Küzmics-literary standard.
Teacher István Szijjártó's works Mrtvecsne peszmi (1796) and Sztarisinsztvo i zvacsinsztvo (1807) consummate to the early standard Prekmurian language.

1823-1848

The gradual of Mihály Bakos.

The famous prekmurian prayer-book the Kniga molitvena from 1855.

From 1823 begin the second standardisation. Mihály Barla issue to a new hymn-book (Krscsanszke nove peszmene knige). József Kossics, a great writer and poet from Ptrekmurje, made contact with the Slovenian linguist Oroslav Caf and thus get acquainted with the Styrian Slovenian dialect. Kossics first worked in Alsószölnök. The teacher of the village was József Vogrin (Jožef Vogrin) born into the Slovene Styria, accordingly was speak the Styrian. Kossics's father was Croatian descent, accordingly also be up in the kajkavian Croatian language. The Krátki návuk vogrszkoga jezika za zacsetníke, a Slovenian-Hungarian grammarbook and dictionary let out the standard Prekmurian. The Zobriszani Szloven i Szlovenszka med Mürov in Rábov ethic-book, what form the ethics- and linguistic-norms. Zgodbe vogerszkoga králesztva and Sztarine Zseleznih ino Szalaszkih Szlovencov is the first Prekmurje Slovenian history books. Kossics was the first writer to write non-religious poetry.

Teacher István Lülik in 1820 wrote a new course-book (Novi abeczedár), whereof born three issue (1853, 1856, 1863).
Sándor Terplán and János Kardos was wrote a psalmody (Knige 'zoltárszke), and a hymn-book (Krsztsanszke czerkvene peszmi), latter the reprint of Barla's hymn-book.

1870-1886

János Kardos was translate to numerous verses of Sándor Petőfi, János Arany and few Hungarian poet. In 1870 work to a new course-book the Nôve knige cstenyá za vesznícski sôl drügi zlôcs. Imre Augustich in 1875 was establish the first Prekmurian newspaper Prijátel (The Friend), wrote new Hungarian-Prekmurian grammar (Návuk vogrszkoga jezika, 1876) and translate the verses and romans of the Hungarian poets and writers.

In 1886 József Bagáry wrote second course-book, what apply the Gaj alphabet (Perve knige – čtenyá za katholičánske vesničke šolê).

1914-1945

In 1914-1918 so much as ethnic governor, later parliamentarian congressman in Beograd József Klekl was novelize the standard Prekmurian,^[11] that's make the Croatian and Slovene language of use. In 1923, the new prayer-book's Hodi k oltarskomi svesti (Come on to the Eucharist) ortography is the Gaj and have the new likeness. Item the newspapers the catholic Novine, Marijin list, Marijin ograček, calendar Kalendar Srca Jezušovoga, the Lutheran Düševni list and Evangeličanski kalendar every was cultivate and stand stentinel the prekmurian language.^[12]
József Szakovics take an active part in attendance of the Prekmurje dialect, although in the schools was not already Prekmurian education. The prominent Prekmurian writer Miško Kranjec also wrote in Slovene.

János Fliszár wrote a Hungarian-Wendish dictionary in 1922. Sándor Mikola was a Hungarian physicist of Slovene descent with history falsification practise account for the Wendish-Celtic-Hungarian oneness. In 1941 the Hungarian Army seize back the Prekmurje and as 1945 be out after make an end of the Prekmurian dialect and Slovene by the help of Mikola.

After 1945, communist Yugoslavia banned the printing of religious books in the Prekmurian dialects, and only standard Slovene was used in administration and education. In Hungary the dictator Mátyás Rákosi banned every minority language and deported the Slovenes in the Hungarian Plain.

The question of the Wends or Prekmurian language

The matter of the Prekmurian dialect or language was differently worked out. First in the 16th century there was a theory that the Slovenes east of the Mura were descendants of the Vandals, an East Germanic tribe of pre-Roman Empire era antiquity. The Vandal name was used as the "scientific" or ethnological term for the Slovenes, but to acknowledge that the Vandalic people were named the Szlovenci, szlovenszki, szlovenye (Slovenians).

In 1627 was issue the Protestant visitation in the country Tótság, or Slovene Circumscription (this is the historical name of the Prekmurje and Vendvidék, Prekmurian: Slovenska okroglina). Herein act a Slavic Bible in Gornji Petrovci, which as a matter of fact the Bible of Primož Trubar. From Carniola and Styria and the 16th and 17th centuries, a few Slovene Protestant pastors fled to Hungary and brought with them Trubar's Bible, which helped set the standard for Slovene. Not known by accident there was work on Prekmurian.

As a rule according to the Hungarian dissenters, the Wendish (Prekmurian) language was of Danish, Sorbian, Germanic, Celtic, Eastern Romance or West Slavic extraction. But this was often false, political or exaggerated affirmations.

According to extremist Hungarian groups, the Wends were captured Turkish and Croatian troops who were later integrated into Hungarian society, and the ever popular theory by some Hungarian nationalists: the speakers of the Wendish language "in truth" were Magyar peoples, some had merged into the Slavic population of Slovenia over the last 800 years.

The prayer-book of József Szakovics in 1931. Print was János Zvér in Murska Sobota.

Pray my brothers! Prayer-book of József Szakovics in 1936. His script was written in the Slovene alphabet.

Hungarian physicist Sándor Mikola in 1920 wrote a number of books about Slovene inhabitants of Hungary and the Wends language: the Wendish-Celtic theory. Accordingly, the Wends (Slovenians in Hungary) were of Celtic extraction, not Slavic. Later Mikola already angled to, that the Wends indeed were Slavic-speaking Hungarians. In Hungary, the state's ethnonationalistic program was trying to proved his theories. Mikola also thought the Wends, Slovenes, and Croatians alike were all descendants of the Pannonian Romans, therefore they have Latin blood and culture in them as well.

During the Hungarian revolution when Hungarians rebelled against Habsburg rule, the Catholic Slovenes sided with the Catholic Habsburgs. The Lutheran Slovenians, however supported the rebel Lajos Kossuth, sided with Hungary and they pleaded for the separation of Hungary from Habsburg Austria which had its anti-Protestant policy. At that time, the reasoning that the inhabitants of the Rába Region were not Slovenes but Wends and "Wendish-Slovenes" respectively and that as a consequence their ancestral Slavic-Wendish language was not to be equated with the other Slovenes living in the Austro-Hungarian Empire was established. In the opinion of the Lutheran-Slovene priest of Hodoš the only possibility for the Lutheran Slovenes emerging from the Catholic-Slovenian population group to continue was to support Kossuth and his Hungarian culture. Hereafter the Lutheran Slovenes used their language in churches and schools in the most traditional way in order to distinguish themselves from the Catholic Slovenes and the Slovene language (i.e. pro-Hungarian or pan-Slavic Slovene literature). The Lutheran priests and believers remained of the conviction that they could only adhere to their Lutheran faith when following the wish of the Hungarians (or the Austrians) and considering themselves "Wendish-Slovenes". If they did not conform to this, then they were in danger of being assimilated into Hungarian culture.

In the years preceding World War I, the Hungarian Slovenes were swepted into the ideology of Panslavism, the national unity of all Slavic-speaking peoples of Eastern Europe. The issue was volatile in the fragmented Austro-Hungarian empire, which was defeated in the war. In the 1921 Treaty of Trianon, the southern half (not the whole) of the Prekmurje region was ceded to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

The Hungarian government in Budapest after 1867 tried to assimilate the Prekmurians. In Somogy in the 19th century there was still a ban on using the Prekmurian language. József Borovnyák, Ferenc Ivanóczy, and other Slovenian politicians and writers helped safeguard the Prekmurian dialect and identity.

Sándor Terplán: Dvakrat 52 Bibliszke Historie (Twice 52 historys from Bible) in 1847.

Kalendar Srca Jezušovoga (Jesus's Heart Calendar) was prekmurian catholic calendar between 1904 and 1944.

The Expulsion Of Adam and Eve from Eden – the picture of Mála biblia z-kejpami (Small Bible with pictures) of Péter Kollár (1897).

In the late 20th century and today, the new notion for Hungarian Slovenians is to conceive Prekmurian is in fact the Slovene language, but not dialect. Their allusions: the Küzmics Gospels, the Old Grammar- and state-run public schools, the typical Prekmurian and Rába Slovene culture, the few centuries old-long isolation in Prekmurian and continued self-preservation from the Hungarian majority. Hungarian Slovenes are more interested in being Slovenes.

Also Miklós Küzmics was so conceive of the Prekmurian and Slovene is separates, hence expedient the configuration and expansion of standard Prekmurian language. Imre Augustich make approaches to by standard Slovene, but not ply the Gaj-alphabet, accordingly henceforward thrive the difference between the Slovene and Prekmurian language. The poet Ferenc Sbüll at first was make a motion the borrowing of standard Slovene in the 1860s.

However, pseudoscientic and extremist theories continue to be propagated. Ethnological research has again looked into the "Celtic-Wends, Wendish-Magyars", "Pannonian Roman" and West Slavic theory. Tibor Zsiga, a prominent Hungarian historian in 2001 declared "The Slovene people cannot be declared Wends, neither in Slovenia, neither in Prekmurje." One may mind the Slovene/Slovenski name issue was under Pan-Slavism in the 19th-20th century, the other believes the issue was purely political in nature.

Examples

A comparison between the Lord's Prayer in standard Slovene, Standard Prekmurian, standard Croatian, Kajkavian Croatian (standard language and dialect of Međimurje) and Burgenland Croatian. The Prekmurian version is taken from an authorized prayer book published in 1942 (Zálozso János Zvér, Molitvena Kniga, Odobrena od cérkvene oblászti, Murska Sobota, 1942, third edition). The Hungarian alphabet, used in the original, has been transliterated in to Gaj's Latin alphabet, used in the other three versions, in order to render the comparison easier.

Slédnjo večérjo (The Last Supper)

The thomb with prekmurian inscription of the young Vince Talabér from Permise (Kétvölgy) in the cemetery of Apátistvánfalva.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Herbert Hoover presidents of the USA in the Novine (November 27, 1932).

Examples for the differing words

Examples for the concordant words

Examples for the partway differing words

Examples for the hungarian loanwords

The months in Prekmurian

References

1. ↑ Nagy Világ →Szíjártó Imre: Muravidéki szlovén irodalom; A Muravidék történelmi útja
2. ↑ F. Just: Med verzuško in pesmijo →„Poslünte, da esi prosim vas, gospoda, ka bom vam jas pravo od toga naroda” 10. 12. 14. page
3. ↑ Nagy Világ →Szíjártó Imre: A Muravidék történelmi útja
4. ↑ F. Just: Med verzuško in pesmijo →Prekmurska jezikovna vojna, 73. page
5. ↑ Russians, Bohemians, Hungarians, Bulgarian, Bosnians, Styrians, and etc.
6. ↑ The author of the Nouvi Zákon's Foreword partway István Küzmics, partway József Torkos hungarian theologian. Küzmics wrote the national texts of the Foreword, as long as Torkos the theological bearing.
7. ↑ Predgovor, Nouvi Zákon, Murska Sobota 2008. English translation: Peter Lamovec
8. ↑ F. Just: Med verzuško in pesmijo →„Poslünte, da esi prosim vas, gospoda ka bom vam jas pravo od toga naroda,” 19. page
9. ↑ Nagy Világ →A Muravidék történelmi útja
10. ↑ László Göncz: The Hungarians in Prekmurje 1918-1941 (A muravidéki magyarság 1918-1941)
11. ↑ Nagy Világ →A Muravidék történelmi útja
12. ↑ F. Just: Med verzuško in pesmijo →„Pride čas, i ne je daleč, gda bomo vu našem maternom jeziki čteli dobra, čedna, poštena, düši i teli hasnovita dela.” 26.-53. page

Sources

• Mária Mukics: Changing World - The Hungarian Slovenians (Változó Világ - A magyarországi szlovének) Press Publica
• Mukics Ferenc: Szlovén Nyelvkönyv/Slovenska slovnica (Slovenian language-book), 1997. ISBN 963 04 9261 X
• Vilko Novak: Slovar stare knjižne prekmurščine, Založba ZRC, Ljubljana 2006. ISBN 961-6568-60-4
• Fliszár János: Magyar-vend szótár/Vogrszki-vendiski rêcsnik, Budapest 1922.
• Francek Mukič: Porabsko-knjižnoslovensko-madžarski slovar, Szombathely 2005. ISBN 963-217-762-2
• Marc L. Greenberg: Ágost Pável's Prekmurje Slovene grammar. Slavistična revija 37/1-3 (1989), 353-364.
• Marc L. Greenberg: Circumflex advancement in Prekmurje and beyond / O pomiku praslovanskega cirkumfleksa v slovenščini in kajkavščini, s posebnim ozirom na razvoj v prekmurščini in sosednjih narečjih. Slovene studies 14/1 (1992), 69-91.
• Marc L. Greenberg: Glasoslovni opis treh prekmurskih govorov in komentar k zgodovinskemu glasoslovju in oblikoglasju prekmurskega narečja. Slavistična revija 41/4 (1993), 465-487.
• Marc L. Greenberg: Archaisms and innovations in the dialect of Središče: (Southeastern Prlekija, Slovenia). Indiana Slavic studies 7 (1994), 90-102.
• Marc L. Greenberg: Prekmurje grammar as a source of Slavic comparative material. Slovenski jezik 7 (2009), 28-44.
• Marc L. Greenberg: Slovar beltinskega prekmurskega govora. Slavistična revija 36 (1988). 452–456. [Review essay of Franc Novak, Slovar beltinskega prekmurskega govora [A Dictionary of the Prekmurje Dialect of Beltinci].
• Franci Just: Med verzuško in pesmijo, Poezija Prekmurja v prvi polovici 20. stoletja, Franc-Franc, Murska Sobota 2000. ISBN 961-219-025-9
• Vilko Novak: Slovar stare knjižne prekmurščine, Založba ZRC, Ljubljana, 2006. ISBN 961-6568-60-4
• Vilko Novak: Martjanska pesmarica, Založba ZRC, Ljubljana, 1997. ISBN 961-6182-27-7
• Vilko Novak: Zgodovina iz spomina/Történelem emlékezetből – Polemika o knjigi Tiborja Zsige Muravidéktől Trianonig/Polémia Zsiga Tibor Muravidéktől Trianonig című könyvéről, Založba ZRC, Ljubljana, 2004. ISBN 961-6500-34-1
• Anton Trstenjak: Slovenci na Ogrskem, Narodopisna in književna črtica, objava arhivskih virov MARIBOR 2006. ISBN 961-6507-09-5
• Marija Kozar: Etnološki slovar slovencev na Madžarskem, Monošter-Szombathely 1996. ISBN 963-7206-62-0
• Források a Muravidék történetéhez 1./Viri za zgodovino Prekmurja 1. Szombathely-Zalaegerszeg, 2008. ISBN 978-963-7227-19-6 Ö
• Források a Muravidék történetéhez/Viri za zgodovino Prekmurja 2. Szombathely-Zalaegerszeg 2008. ISBN 978-963-7227-19-6
• Molitvena Kniga, Odobrena od cérkvene oblászti, edit: József Szakovics 1942.
• Pokrajinski muzej Murska Sobota, Katalog stalne razstave, Murska Sobota 1997. ISBN 961-90438-1-2
• Jerneja Kopitarja Glagolita Clozianus/Cločev Glagolit, Ljubljana 1995. ISBN 86-7207-078-X
• Življenje in delo Jožefa Borovnjaka, Edit: Marko Jesenšek, Maribor 2008.
• Bea Baboš Logar: Prekmurska narečna slovstvena ustvarjalnost – mednarodno znanstveno srečanje: prekmurščina zanimiva tudi za tuje znanstvenike, Vestnik July 17, 2003.
• Predgovor. Nouvi Zákon, Stevan Küzmics, Pokrajinski Muzej Murska Sobota 2008. ISBN 978-961-6579-04-9 (Translations: in English Peter Lamovec; in Hungarian Gabriella Bence; in slovene Mihael Kuzmič)

External links

• Marko Jesenšek: STILISTIKA PREKMURSKIH OGLAŠEVALSKIH BESEDIL/STYLISTICS IN ADVERTISING TEXTS IN PREKMURJE
• László Göncz: The Hungarians in Prekmurje 1918-1941 (A muravidéki magyarság 1918-1941)
• Hungarian books in Prekmurje Slovenian 1715-1919
• Hungarian books in Prekmurje Slovenian 1920-1944
• Nagy Világ (2007, October)
• PREKMURSKI PUBLICISTIČNI JEZIK V PRVI POLOVICI 20. STOLETJA
• Američan, ki je doktoriral iz prekmurščine
• "Zame prekmurščina ni narečje, temveč jezik" – Branko Pintarič, gledališki ustvarjalec (For Me, Prekmurje Slovenian Is Not a Dialect, But a Language)
• Preučevanje jezika in literature (Slovene)
• Marko Jesenšek: The Slovene Language in the Alpine and Pannonian Language Area

See also

• List of Slovene writers and poets in Hungary
• János Fliszár
• Ágoston Pável
• József Klekl (politician)
• Vandalic language
• Slovene March (Kingdom of Hungary)
• Languages of Slovenia